snell-pym.org.uk Report : Visit Site


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    The main IP address: 178.238.149.202,Your server United Kingdom,Arnold ISP:Andrews & Arnold Ltd  TLD:uk CountryCode:GB

    The description :sarah and alaric living in interesting times home mind your is and qs: the art of frequency-division multiplexing (by alaric ) as previously discussed, i've been learning about radio lately. as part o...

    This report updates in 03-Dec-2018

Created Date:2003-09-16
Changed Date:2017-09-02

Technical data of the snell-pym.org.uk


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Latitude: 53
Longitude: -1.1333299875259
Country: United Kingdom (GB)
City: Arnold
Region: England
ISP: Andrews & Arnold Ltd

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sarah and alaric living in interesting times home mind your is and qs: the art of frequency-division multiplexing (by alaric ) as previously discussed, i've been learning about radio lately. as part of that, i've been diving into things i've always found confusing in the past and trying to properly understand them; when i succeed at this, i'd like to share what i've found, hopefully clarifying things that aren't explained so well elsewhere and helping others in the same situation i was in... i'm going to start by explaining some pretty basic stuff about waves, which most of yuo will already know, but bear with me - i'm trying to emphasise certain things (phase!) that are often glossed over a bit at that level, and cause confusion later. today, we're going to talk about modulation. to be specific, frequency-division multiplexing: the technique of sharing some communication medium between lots of channels by putting them on different frequencies. this is used to great effect in the radio spectrum, where the shared medium is the electromagnetic field permeating all of space; but it applies just as well to any medium capable of carrying waves between a bunch of transmitters and receivers. the media vary somewhat in how signals at different frequencies propogate, and what background noise exists, and what hardware you need to interface to them, but the principle remains the same. examples other than radio include: ripples on a lake electrical impulses in a coaxial cable connecting multiple stations (old ethernet, cable tv) noises in air the key thing about these media is that if a transmitter emits a wave into them, then that wave (subject to propogation distortions) plus some ever-present background noise will arrive at a receiver. so if we can find a way for everyone to communicate using waves, without messing up each other's communications, we're good. it doesn't matter that impulses in a cable travel along one dimension, ripples on a lake travel in two, and noises (or radio waves) in air travel in three: as we're usually thinking about a wave coming from a transmitter to a receiver, we can just think about the one-dimensional case all the time. that's enough for communication - more dimensions are involved when we use waves to find our position (gps!), but that's not what we're talking about here. waves waves can be all sorts of shapes: square waves with sharp transitions between two levels, triangular waves that go up smoothly then turn around and go down smoothly, and then turn around again and go back up, between two levels; complex wiggly waves that go all over the place... but, it turns out, all of those wave shapes can be made by adding up a bunch of smoothly curving sinusoidal waves. such a wave is "periodic": it's the same pattern, repeated again and again, each repitition identical to the last. each repitition of the pattern is called a "cycle"; as that word suggests, the origin of sinusoidal waves is in the geometry of circles - we don't need to go into that properly here, but what we do need to know is that each full cycle of the wave corresponds to going around a circle, and as such, we can talk about how far along the cycle we are in terms of the circular angle covered. a full cycle is 360 degrees. half of it is 180 degrees; since the wave goes from the middle, to a peak, to the middle, to a trough, to the middle again before repeating, 180 degrees is enough to get you from the middle on the wave to another, with a single peak or trough inbetween; or to get you from a peak to the next trough. 90 degrees gets you from where the wave crosses the middle to the next peak or trough, or from a peak or trough to the next middle-crossing. those waves can be described entirely by three numbers: amplitude: how big the waves are. this can be measured from trough to peak, or can be measured in terms of how far the troughs and peaks deviate from the middle - the difference is just a factor of 2, as they're symmetrical. frequency / wavelength: the frequency is how many complete cycles of the wave (measured, say, from peak to peak) pass a fixed point (such as a receiver) per second. as all waves in our media travel at the same speed, this means that you can also measure the same thing with the wavelength - how much physical distance, in metres, a complete cycle of the wave takes up. the frequency is in hertz, which means "per second"; the wavelength is in metres; and multiplying the frequency by the wavelength always gives you a speed (in metres per second), that being the speed of wave propogation. in empty space, radio waves travel at the speed of light (because light is a radio wave, in effect): about 300,000,000 metres per second. phase: this is a trickier one, and often neglected. unlike the other two, which are things you could unambiguously measure at any point on the wave and get the same answer, "phase" is relative to an observer. imagine two waves are coming at you from different sources, with the same amplitude and frequency - but the peaks of wave a arrive slightly before the peaks of wave b. remembering how each cycle of the wave can be considered as a 360 degree rotation, we might say that wave b is lagging 90 degrees behind a, if b's peak arrives when a is just crossing the middle after a peak. so, unlike amplitude and frequency/wavelength, phase is always a relative measure between two waves, or perhaps between a wave and itself somewhere else: if a transmitter is emitting a wave and we're receiving it from a thousand metres away, because it takes time for that wave to travel, we will be seeing it phase-shifted compare to what the transmitter is emitting at that point in time. the size of the phase shift depends on the wavelength; if the wavelength is a thousand metres, then an entire cycle fits between us and the transmitter, so we'll get a 360 degree phase shift - but since the every cycle is identical, we won't be able to tell and it will look the same as a 0 degree phase shift. however, if the wavelength is two thousand metres, we'll be exactly half a cycle behind the transmitter, and we'll see a 180 degree phase shift. (in order to try and innoculate my children against getting confused about phase when they learn about it at school, i have always referred to the situation when they're buttoning their clothes up and find that they've been putting button n into buttonhole n+1 or n-1 as a "phase error".) the fact that the wave repeats exactly after a cycle is important: it means that phase shifts will always be somewhere between 0 and 360 degrees (for periodic waves, at least); but by measuring it a bit differently, you could also measure phases between -180 and +180 degrees, with negative numbers indicating that the wave is lagging behind the reference, rather than counting that as being nearly 360 degrees towards the next cycle. another important thing is that, for two waves of the same frequency, the phase difference between them is the same if the two waves travel along together in the same direction. that makes sense, as they travel at the same speed. but what about waves of different frequency? at some points, the two waves will briefly overlap perfectly, perhaps both peaking at the same time, or perhaps some other arbitrary point in the cycle - at that point, they have a zero phase difference. but even a microsecond later, the higher-frequency wave will be slightly further ahead in its cycle than the lower-frequency wave: the phase difference steadily increases until the higher-frequency wave sneaking ahead in the number of cycles it's covered, until finally, it gets an integer number of cycles ahead of the lower-frequency wave - and the phase difference is back at zero. the phase difference between two waves of different frequency therefore constantly changes, linearly (changing by the same amount every meter travelled), but wrapping around to always be between 0 and 360, or -180 and 180, depending on how you measure it. and

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Whois Information


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Domain name:
snell-pym.org.uk

Registrant:
Alaric and Sarah Snell-Pym

Registrant type:
UK Individual

Registrant's address:
The registrant is a non-trading individual who has opted to have their
address omitted from the WHOIS service.

Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 10-Dec-2012

Registrar:
Kevin Green t/a oRe Net [Tag = WARHEAD]
URL: http://www.orenet.co.uk

Relevant dates:
Registered on: 16-Sep-2003
Expiry date: 16-Sep-2018
Last updated: 02-Sep-2017

Registration status:
Registered until expiry date.

Name servers:
ns0.warhead.org.uk 178.238.149.202
ns1.warhead.org.uk 199.48.129.130

WHOIS lookup made at 08:32:44 04-Nov-2017

--
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:

Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.

You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at http://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
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  REFERRER http://www.nominet.org.uk

  REGISTRAR Nominet UK

SERVERS

  SERVER uk.whois-servers.net

  ARGS snell-pym.org.uk

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain

OWNER

  ORGANIZATION Alaric and Sarah Snell-Pym

TYPE
UK Individual

ADDRESS
The registrant is a non-trading individual who has opted to have their
address omitted from the WHOIS service.
Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 10-Dec-2012

DOMAIN

  SPONSOR Kevin Green t/a oRe Net [Tag = WARHEAD]

  CREATED 2003-09-16

  CHANGED 2017-09-02

STATUS
Registered until expiry date.

NSERVER

  NS0.WARHEAD.ORG.UK 178.238.149.202

  NS1.WARHEAD.ORG.UK 199.48.129.130

  NAME snell-pym.org.uk

DISCLAIMER
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:
Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.
You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at http://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
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or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

  REGISTERED yes

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